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　　在火场中，如何通过火灾烟气的颜色、速度等外在表象，来确认危险来临的警示信号？采取何种措施，可以使您不深陷火海之中？杨永斌博士和研究生一起，对察烟识火视频进行了中文字幕完善，并且给出了文字版的中英文对照。希望大家通过这个视频，对极端火灾现象发生前的征兆有一定的了解。

　　视频解析

　　中英文对照

　　Welcome to a short class on size-up in how to read smoke. In this video, we're gonna talk about fire behavior and some of the techniques that you can use that will not only enhance your safety, but allow you to make better tactical decisions while operating on the fire ground.

　　欢迎观看关于通过观察火场烟气辨识火灾的简短课程。在视频中，我们将讨论火灾行为和一些火场技巧，不仅能够确保你的安全，还可以让你做出更好的战术决策。

　　Here are some tips that can help you locate the seat of the fire. First look for the fastest moving smoke venting from similar size openings. Another technique is to look for the tallest smoke column. You can also look for black, thin, fast moving smoke.

　　下面是一些帮助你定位火源点的技巧。

　　一是从相似的排烟开口中寻找速度最快的烟流。二是寻找最高的烟流柱。你还可以寻找黑色、薄的、快速的烟流。

　　Taking a look at this structure. Compare the smoke venting from similar sized openings such as windows, doors and a soffit in line of the roof. Where do you see the fastest moving smoke? How about the tallest smoke column? Can you see the thin, black, fast moving smoke venting from the hole of the roof? The steam conversion venting from the same hole is an indicator that attack crews are making a good push and are knocking on the fire. It's important for firefighters recognize the warning signs of hostile fire events such as flashover, backdrafts, smoke explosions and rapid fire spread.

　　看这个建筑，比较从相似开口中排出的烟气，比如窗户、门以及屋顶下的拱腹。你看到哪里排出的烟流最快？最高的烟柱呢？你能看到屋顶开口冒出的黑色、淡薄并快速流动的烟气？从相同开口冒出的水蒸气表明，消防员正在对火势进行有效的压制。非常重要的是：消防员能够识别危险火灾现象的警示信号。这些现象包括轰燃、回燃、烟气爆炸和火势快速发展等。

　　Let's take a look at the warning signs of flashover. They include turbulent smoke, which is heat pushed and ready to ignite. Another indicator is rollover, which is licks of flame that can be visible in the smoke. Vent point ignition is when the smoke reaches its right mixture with air and ignites.

　　让我们来看轰燃的警示信号。包括呈湍流状态的烟气，烟气受热量推动并可能起火。另一个信号是滚燃，在烟气中能看见火舌窜出。通风口处的燃烧是由于烟气与空气形成合适比例的混合物后被引燃而形成。

　　Dense/zero visibility smoke is dangerous because of the amount of fuel present. Firefighters need to increase their situation awareness so they can identify these warning signs before they occur. You might not be able to prevent a hostile fire event from occurring. You just don't want to become part of the event.

　　浓密或能见度为零的火灾烟气非常危险，因为其中存在大量可燃物。消防员需要提高对周围状况的警惕，这样才能确认危险来临的警示信号。你可能无法阻止危险火灾现象的发生，但决不能深陷其中。

　　Here firefighters are setting up for their attack, but are not recognizing the changing fire conditions. Can you see the turbulent smoke flow venting from the doorway? The key is to be proactive. Here Firefighters are caught off guard, placing them in a compromise position, forcing them to react and play catch-up.

　　视频中消防队员正在准备进攻，但他们没有意识到即将来到的火灾突变。你能看到从门口涌出的湍流烟气吗？这种情况下关键是要预先提防。视频中消防队员猝不及防，只能被动撤退，被迫做出快速反应。

　　Be careful of porch or roof overhangs which can 'mask' turbulent smoke flow. In reduced visibility in up close, it can be difficult to identify. Remember also that ventilation, both natural and mechanical, can induce flashovers.

　　要小心门廊或屋顶的挑檐，这些结构可以“掩饰”湍流状态的烟流。在近距离并且能见度下降的情况下很难辨别。还要记住，自然或机械通风都可能会引起轰燃。

　　Let's take a look at what flashover looks like from the inside. Here we have a normal room with modern furnishings.As the fire grows and develops, it radiates heat out to the ceiling walls and surrounding furnishings. When they can no longer absorb any more heat, they radiate that energy back into the center of the room in what's known as rotary reflective radiant heat energy, also known as thermal radiation, heat feedback. This further intensifies conditions in the room, causing the surrounding materials to off gas until the point where they all reach their ignition temperature and flashover occurs. Not only our conditions in the fire room unsurvive at this point, but as the fire vents out the doorway, adjacent rooms will quickly become untenable as well.

　　让我们从房间内部看看轰燃。这是一个放置了现代家具的普通房间。随着火灾增长和发展，热量会辐射到天花板、墙壁和周围的家具。当它们不再吸收热量时，热量会辐射回房间的中心，即所谓的反向辐射热，也称为热反馈。这进一步加剧房间内的热条件，导致周围的材料释放出可燃气体，当可燃气体都达到引燃温度时，轰燃发生。这时起火房间内已不具备生存条件，同时火灾还会通过开口蔓延，相邻的房间也将岌岌可危。

　　Proper stream application can control or even prevent flashover. Let's take a look at the penciling technique. Observe the firefighter in the center of the room, using a straight or solid stream and directing short burst toward the ceiling. You can cool the fire gas below their ignition temperature without disrupting the thermal layer. You'll notice after stream application that the flashover has been suppressed and conditions are lightening up to the point where firefighters can start to get out of a crouching position and sit upright.

　　合理地射水可以控制甚至防止轰燃。让我们了解一下射水技术。可以看到房间中央的消防员，使用直流充实水柱，采用短脉冲方式喷向天花板。火灾烟气被冷却至引燃温度以下，并且不会破坏热烟气分层。你会注意到在应用消防射水后，轰燃已经被抑制，房间内的条件得到改善，消防员不用再保持蹲姿，可以坐直了。

　　Let's look at some warning signs for backdraft. Be on guard when you encounter tightly sealed or well insulated buildings. Be watchful for windows that are smoke stained. Yellowish gray smoke is an indicator that high heat is present, making conditions ripe for a backdraft. Use caution when you counter a lot of smoke in a specific area and little or no visible fire. Backdraft can be extremely violent, but there are some safety precautions you can take that will help you avoid being seriously injured or worse.

　　让我们再来看回燃的警示信号。要小心密封或隔热良好的建筑。注意被烟气熏黑的窗户。淡黄色并发灰的烟气表明建筑内部温度很高，已具备发生回燃的条件。当在某区域内遇到大量浓烟，并且几乎看不到火，这时要保持警惕。回燃的一旦发生，会极其猛烈，但可以通过一些安全措施来避免严重受伤或更严重的伤害。

　　First, always wear your full protective equipment, including SCBA. second, never position directly in front of a potential vent, such as windows, doors, or breaches in the building that the blast wave could vent from.

　　首先，要穿戴全套防护设备，包括空气呼吸器。其次，不要直接站在潜在的泄压口前，例如建筑物中的窗户，门或缺口，爆炸冲击波可以从此冲出。

　　Smoke explosions can occur during growing or developing fires. Watch out for an increase in smoke density or thickness, as well as fire gases getting trapped in void spaces. Notice that the smoke venting from this structure is volume pushed, very thick and low velocity. Once the flame is introduced, there's a pop of the smoke, which can be classified as a smoke explosion.

　　烟气爆炸可能发生在火灾初期和全面发展阶段。要格外关注烟气浓度和厚度的增加，以及火灾烟气在空隙的聚集。请注意，从这个建筑中排出的烟气量大，浓厚并且流动慢。一旦遇到点火源，烟气会砰然涌出，这被归为烟气爆炸的一种。

　　Regardless of how you define it. Be careful, because one hostile fire event can lead to another. Always watch out for changing smoke conditions, looking at the same location shortly afterwards, you notice that the smoke is now changing the turbulent flow. This leads to flashover and a continuous burn. Once flashover occurs, you can have rapid fire spread.

　　不管如何定义烟气爆炸，要注意的是，一种危险的火灾现象的发生还会引发其他危险火灾现象。要一直留意火灾烟气状态的变化，请注意同一个地方，在不久之后，烟气正在变为湍流状态。后续出现轰燃并形成持续燃烧。一旦发生轰然，火灾会迅速传播。

　　One way to predict rapid fire spread is to look for fast moving smoke in hallways, stairwells and on the outside. Here we have a two-story multi-family apartment building with far involving one unit on the first floor. Compartment one on the right is rapidly approaching flashover. Take a look at the direction, and travel of smoke flow where the smoke goals soak in the fire. And this can help you predict the path of fire spread. As compartment one flashes over, compartment two on the left is showing turbulent smoke through the broken windows.

　　预测火灾快速发展的一个方法是在走廊、楼梯间和建筑外寻找快速流动的烟气。这是一个两层住宅，一楼远不止一个单元。右边的一单元很快就要发生轰燃。要注意观察烟火交织处的烟流方向和流动轨迹，这有助于预测火灾发展的路径。随着一单元发生轰燃，可以看到左边二单元破裂窗户中冒出湍流烟气。

　　The fire is now auto extending to the second floor balcony basically found the same path of the smoke. As comportment two flashes over, the fire rapidly intensifies. The school of thought is use large lines when faced with a large body of fire. But if you're working with a smaller handline with a large flow fog nozzle, don't lose composure because you can still safely knock down a large body of fire from the outside by using a narrow to medium range fog pattern. This can give you greater steam conversion in a faster extinguishment over a larger area.

　　火灾蔓延至二楼阳台，与烟气蔓延路径基本相同。随着二单元发生轰燃，火势快速增强。当面对大火时，传统的想法是采用大口径水带灭火。如果你正使用小口径水带，但是大流量开花水枪，不要慌张，你仍然可以从外部采用较窄至中级开花程度射水扑灭大火，这是因为这种模式能够通过加快蒸发来提高灭火效率。

　　For safety reasons, only employ this tactic when you're on the outside and not in the room that's involved. When greater richen penetration is needed, you can switch back to a straight stream. Rapid fire spread can trap firefighters. So always have a secondary means of egress. Those turbulent smoke flow venting from the two windows on the second floor. This firefighter was lucky to escape. This incident occurred in Toronto, Canada, in 2006, and trap five firefighters, fortunately, all were able to make it out alive.

　　出于安全考虑，只有当你处在建筑外部或非起火房间时才采用这种策略。当需要更好的穿透力时，可以切换回直流水。火势快速发展会造成消防员被困，所以一定要有备用撤退路线。湍流烟气从二楼的两个窗户涌出。这位消防员幸运脱身。但在这个2006年发生在加拿大多伦多的事故中，5名消防员被困，所幸他们最后都活了下来。

　　Black fire is a slang term and is used to describe smoke when volume, velocity, density, and color are at their worst. When you see it, don't be overly aggressive, because no one will be alive in that room or compartment. Take a look at the smoke and remember what you see. There's a lot of it. It's black, thick and fast moving. Basically the smoke is acting just like flames. You may not be able to prevent the hostile fire event, just don't become part of it. Remember these safety tips:

　　黑烟是一个俚语，用来描述体积、速度、浓度和颜色处于最危险状态的火灾烟气。当你看到黑烟时，不要内攻，因为没人能在这种环境存活。看看这样的烟气并记住它。现场有大量黑色浓烟正在快速涌出。这种烟气基本上就像就像火焰一样。你可能无法避免危险火灾现象的发生，但当其发生时一定不要身陷其中。记住下面安全提示：

　　Vent: high to release heat

　　Quench: cool it down

　　Flank: don't be directly in front of the vent .

　　排烟：在高处建立排烟口

　　灭火：降低烟气温度

　　侧方：不要直接面对开口

　　I want to give special thanks to the Dave Dodson, the originator and author of the art of reading smoke program. Dave is well known for saying don't just be safe, make it safe. Thanks for watching.

　　我要特别感谢戴夫？道森，他是这个烟气辨识的创始人和作者。众所周知是，戴夫说我们不仅要保证自身安全，还要让周围环境变得安全。谢谢观看。

　　信息来源：火灾烟气控制研究中心